Pio IX, Papa, 1792-1878 (Autor Personal)

Martina, G. Pio IX, 1974- : v. 2 (Pio IX)

Piccolo Rizzoli Larousse (Pio IX (Giovanni Maria MASTAI-FERRETTI), b. in Senigallia 1792, d. 1878; pope from 1846-1878)

Deroo, A. Encycliques, messages et discours de Pie IX ... 1961: t.p. (Pie IX)

Sovremennye bīograficheskīe ocherki, 1871: t.p. (Papa Pīĭ IX)

New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd. edition, 2003, online version viewed February 17, 2017: volume 11 page 384 (Pius IX, Pope, Bl.; born May 13, 1792; studied in Volterra and at Roman College; head of Roman hospice San Michele; archbishop of Spoleto; cardinal of Imola) volume 11 page 385 (fled Rome to Gaeta during the brief Roman Republic (1848-1850)) volume 11 page 387 (beatified in 2000)

Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, viewed February 17, 2017: (Mastai Ferretti, Giovanni Maria; died in Vatican, February 7, 1878; consecrated archbishop of Spoleto 1827; transferred to Imola 1832; created cardinal 1839; elected Pope 1846)